Allineatori trasparenti
Clear Aligners: Sandra Tai’s Book on Biomechanics, Invisalign, and Clinical Management
Within the field of modern orthodontics and clear aligner books, Clear Aligners – Biomechanics and Clinical Management by Sandra Tai offers a clinical approach to aligner therapy based not only on digital technology, but above all on the classical principles of orthodontics.
The volume starts from a fundamental concept: software, materials, and aligner systems may evolve rapidly, but principles such as biomechanics, force, anchorage, torque, occlusion, and root control remain essential for planning effective orthodontic treatment.
For this reason, the book does not interpret clear aligner orthodontics simply as an aesthetic version of conventional orthodontic appliances. Its objective is to explain how the different mechanism through which aligners move teeth affects diagnosis, case selection, digital planning, ClinCheck, anchorage management, vertical control, and finishing.
The pathway then extends to the management of the main malocclusions: dental crowding, deep bite, open bite, Class II and Class III cases, extraction treatments, orthognathic surgery, and interdisciplinary treatment.
With 312 pages and 1,344 images, Clear Aligners is designed as a clinical manual for professionals who want to understand not only how to use Invisalign and clear aligners, but above all why specific movements should be programmed and how the virtual treatment plan can be translated into a clinical result.
A Book on Modern Orthodontics Based on Principles That Remain Valid Over Time
Modern orthodontics is strongly influenced by digital technology.
Intraoral scanners, treatment-planning software, virtual models, monitoring systems, and the continuous evolution of materials have profoundly changed how orthodontic treatments are designed.
The risk, however, is to confuse knowledge of a digital platform with knowledge of orthodontics itself.
Sandra Tai’s book instead begins with the fundamental principles:
- biomechanics;
- force application;
- anchorage;
- engagement;
- torque;
- root inclination;
- vertical control;
- occlusion;
- movement sequencing.
In Chapter 2, devoted to the comparison between edgewise appliances and clear aligners, the author explicitly emphasises that clear aligner treatment remains an orthodontic technique, and that the principles of force, engagement, anchorage, and biomechanics must therefore also be applied to aligner therapy.
Technology thus becomes a tool for applying orthodontics, rather than a substitute for orthodontic reasoning.
Clear Aligners and Fixed Appliances: Not Simply an Aesthetic Difference
One of the most interesting concepts in the volume appears as early as the second chapter.
The choice between fixed appliances and clear aligners should not simply be interpreted as a choice between:
- metal and plastic;
- visible and aesthetic appliances;
- traditional and modern treatment.
The difference primarily concerns the mechanism through which teeth are moved.
In the conclusion to the chapter, Sandra Tai stresses that the clinical choice concerns the most appropriate mechanism of action for correcting the specific malocclusion.
This principle makes it possible to approach aligner treatment more rationally.
The question is therefore not only:
“Can I treat this patient with Invisalign?”
A more useful question becomes:
“What biomechanics does this case require, and how can I achieve them with an aligner system?”
The Biomechanics of Clear Aligners
Biomechanics is one of the pillars of the book.
Aligners do not move teeth in the same way as fixed appliances.
In the comparative table presented in Chapter 2, the volume summarises three fundamental differences between fixed appliances and aligners:
| Principle |
Fixed appliances |
Clear aligners |
| Force |
teeth are “pulled” |
teeth are “pushed” |
| Engagement |
archwire within the bracket |
plastic wrapping around the tooth |
| Anchorage |
mainly reciprocal |
programmable anchorage segments |
These differences modify the way treatment should be designed.
The orthodontist must therefore understand:
- where the force is applied;
- which surface of the aligner generates it;
- which portion of the tooth is engaged;
- which teeth must remain stationary;
- which teeth must move;
- in what sequence;
- when attachments or auxiliaries are required.
Aligners Push Teeth
One of the most immediate biomechanical differences concerns the way force is applied.
With fixed appliances, the elastic archwire tends to return to its original shape and can therefore pull the tooth towards the desired position.
With an aligner, on the other hand, there is a small discrepancy between:
- the actual position of the tooth;
- the position programmed within the aligner.
When the aligner is inserted, the plastic material deforms and attempts to return towards its programmed form, applying pressure to the tooth.
In this sense, aligners push teeth.
Figure 2-2 in the extract, for example, shows the aligner pushing against the flat surface of an attachment to generate movement.
Understanding this mechanism is important for appreciating why the shape, position, and function of attachments have a biomechanical role rather than a merely retentive one.
Attachments and Aligner Engagement
With fixed appliances, engagement depends on the relationship between the archwire and the bracket slot.
With aligners, however, the tooth is engaged because the plastic wraps around it.
The greater the available tooth surface, the better the engagement can be.
The extract clearly shows the difference between:
- teeth with long clinical crowns, which offer a larger surface area;
- teeth with short clinical crowns, which offer a smaller surface area.
Attachments can increase engagement by creating additional surfaces against which the aligner can apply force.
This is particularly important in movements requiring greater control, such as:
- extrusion;
- rotation;
- root control;
- torque;
- translational movements.
The attachment should therefore be understood as a biomechanical component of the system.
Anchorage with Clear Aligners
Anchorage is one of the fundamental concepts in orthodontics.
With fixed appliances, the traditional model is often based on reciprocal anchorage: when one dental segment is used to move another, the anchorage segment may also experience an opposite force.
With aligners, it is instead possible to programme in advance which teeth:
- should move;
- should remain stationary;
- should begin moving at a later stage.
The book therefore highlights the possibility of creating predetermined anchorage segments.
A particularly clear example is sequential distalisation of the maxillary molars.
In the initial stages, only the second molars may be programmed to move, while the remaining teeth stay stationary and act as an anchorage segment.
This logic leads directly to one of the most important concepts in aligner treatment: staging.
Staging: Deciding When Each Tooth Should Move
With aligners, it is not enough to decide where the teeth should end up.
It is also necessary to decide when they should move.
Staging determines:
- which teeth begin moving first;
- which remain temporarily stationary;
- when another segment becomes active;
- which teeth are used for anchorage;
- which sequence helps control unwanted effects.
The images in Chapter 2 graphically show distalisation and space-closure sequences in which different teeth are activated at different times.
This makes digital planning much more than a simple animation of the final result.
The timing of movement is an integral part of the biomechanics.
ClinCheck: From Software to Orthodontic Planning
One chapter of the book is specifically devoted to ClinCheck software programming.
The software allows clinicians to visualise:
- initial position;
- programmed movements;
- staging;
- attachments;
- interproximal reduction;
- final position;
- occlusal relationships.
But the simulation should not be accepted passively.
The orthodontist must assess whether the movements displayed are biomechanically coherent.
ClinCheck therefore becomes a tool through which the clinician must:
- analyse the malocclusion;
- define the objectives;
- design the sequence;
- establish anchorage;
- verify root control;
- assess the final occlusion.
The software visualises the project, but treatment remains a clinical decision.
From the Reactive Orthodontist to the Proactive Orthodontist
The conclusion of Chapter 2 introduces one of the most educationally interesting concepts in the book.
With conventional appliances, treatment may have a more reactive component.
The clinician activates the appliance, observes the patient’s response, and subsequently modifies the plan.
With aligners, a more proactive approach is required.
Before the first tooth is even moved, the clinician must visualise:
- movement sequence;
- anchorage;
- biomechanics;
- final position;
- occlusion.
Sandra Tai therefore describes a genuine paradigm shift: from a predominantly reactive orthodontist to a proactive and disciplined orthodontist in treatment planning.
This concept is probably one of the key ideas for understanding the entire book.
Extrusion with Clear Aligners
The volume also compares the biomechanical characteristics of fixed appliances and aligners in relation to extrusion.
Extrusion of a single tooth may be more challenging with aligners and can require:
- attachments;
- buttons;
- elastics;
- other auxiliaries.
By contrast, extrusion of an entire group of teeth may be effectively programmed in certain situations.
The extract shows, as an example, extrusion of the maxillary incisors with optimised extrusion attachments to contribute to closure of an anterior open bite.
Treatment planning must therefore clearly distinguish movement of a single tooth from movement of an entire dental segment.
Intrusion and Vertical Control
One of the characteristics to which the text gives particular importance is vertical control.
With aligners it is possible to programme:
- intrusion of entire segments;
- selective intrusion of individual teeth;
- anterior intrusion;
- posterior intrusion.
The images in Chapter 2 show two particularly clear examples.
The first uses anterior intrusion to level the curve of Spee and contribute to correction of a deep bite.
The second programmes posterior intrusion to create occlusal clearance where posterior teeth are overerupted.
This vertical control is one of the aspects that make aligner biomechanics particularly interesting in the management of selected malocclusions.
Clear Aligners and Deep Bite
Deep bite is one of the main tags associated with the book, and an entire chapter is devoted to its treatment.
Correction may require a combination of:
- incisor intrusion;
- management of the curve of Spee;
- control of incisor inclination;
- possible modification of the posterior segments;
- control of overbite and overjet;
- anchorage management.
The biomechanical chapter shows that aligners make it possible to programme selective intrusion of the anterior teeth without necessarily producing simultaneous unwanted vertical effects in the posterior segments.
However, this possibility must be correctly incorporated into the digital treatment plan.
Simply programming a certain amount of intrusion in the software does not automatically guarantee its full clinical expression.
Anterior Open Bite
The volume also addresses the treatment of anterior open bite.
In these cases, the plan may require different strategies depending on aetiology and skeletal pattern.
From a biomechanical standpoint, aligners can be used to manage:
- anterior extrusion;
- posterior intrusion;
- vertical control;
- incisor inclination;
- final occlusion.
The extract specifically shows an example of programmed extrusion of several maxillary incisors with optimised attachments.
However, the case must be selected on the basis of diagnosis rather than solely according to whether a particular movement can be programmed in the software.
Incisor Torque
Torque is one of the fundamental aspects of achieving a correct orthodontic result.
With fixed appliances, torque derives from the relationship between the rectangular archwire and the bracket slot.
With aligners, it can be programmed using specific features such as the Power Ridge.
The extract shows the Power Ridge used for torque control of maxillary and mandibular incisors.
The treatment plan must take into account the relationship between:
- crown position;
- root position;
- lip support;
- soft tissues;
- occlusion;
- initial malocclusion.
The book also emphasises an important clinical principle: there may also be a degree of “play” between the aligner and the tooth surface.
As a result, the torque actually expressed clinically may be lower than the digitally prescribed torque.
Treatment planning must therefore consider the difference between:
programmed movement and clinically expressed movement.
Root Inclination Control
Moving the crown correctly does not necessarily mean that the root has also been adequately controlled.
Management of root inclination is particularly important:
- during space closure;
- in extraction cases;
- when translation is required;
- when managing the final occlusion.
With aligners, the volume describes the use of:
- optimised root-control attachments;
- vertical rectangular attachments;
- virtual gable bends.
The image in Chapter 2 shows an optimised attachment specifically designed for root inclination control.
This section once again reinforces the main message of the book: ClinCheck must be read in three dimensions, rather than by looking only at crown alignment.
Controlling Incisor Inclination
During alignment with fixed appliances, the incisors may tend to procline.
The chapter compares this behaviour with aligners and attributes to aligners a high degree of programmable control over incisor position.
The software also makes it possible to compare the pre- and post-treatment labiolingual positions of the incisors.
This becomes particularly important in patients where excessive proclination could:
- compromise aesthetics;
- alter the profile;
- influence overjet;
- affect occlusion;
- exceed anatomical limits.
Clear aligner orthodontics therefore requires planning not only of alignment, but also of the final three-dimensional position of the incisors.
Dental Crowding
Dental crowding is one of the most important keywords associated with the volume.
A specific chapter is devoted to its resolution.
The objective is not simply to create space and align the crowns.
The treatment plan must determine how the required space will be obtained through a possible combination of:
- expansion;
- proclination;
- interproximal reduction;
- distalisation;
- extractions;
- arch-form management.
Each solution has different biomechanical consequences.
When treating crowding, digital software can make it very easy to visualise an apparently perfectly aligned arch.
The orthodontist’s task is to determine whether the pathway chosen to achieve that alignment is biologically, periodontally, and occlusally appropriate.
Interproximal Reduction and Space Planning
Interproximal reduction may represent one of the tools used to manage:
- crowding;
- midline correction;
- tooth-size discrepancies;
- occlusion.
Chapter 2 highlights, for example, the possibility of incorporating interproximal enamel reduction into digital planning to help correct the dental midline.
With aligners, a substantial part of space management is therefore decided before treatment begins.
The clinician must programme:
- where IPR should be performed;
- how much reduction is required;
- when it should be performed;
- which movement should be associated with the newly created space.
Midline Correction
The volume also compares midline correction with fixed appliances and aligners.
With conventional appliances, intraoral elastics may be necessary and the result can depend partly on patient compliance.
With aligners, part of the correction can be incorporated directly into the digital sequence through:
- staging;
- differential movements;
- interproximal reduction;
- space management.
Table 2-3 in the chapter attributes good predictability to aligners in midline correction when this is properly incorporated into treatment planning.
Tooth-Size Discrepancy
The dimensional relationship between upper and lower teeth can influence the quality of the final occlusion.
In conventional treatment, a discrepancy may sometimes become evident during therapy.
Digital software instead allows it to be assessed during the planning phase.
ClinCheck can help the clinician decide whether to:
- leave space;
- modify incisor position;
- perform interproximal reduction;
- compensate for the discrepancy in the opposing arch.
The objective is to incorporate the solution directly into the design of the final occlusion.
Case Selection for Clear Aligner Treatment
An entire chapter is devoted to case selection.
This is a fundamental stage.
The question should not be whether aligners can technically produce a digital animation of a particular correction.
The clinician must evaluate:
- diagnosis;
- complexity;
- required movements;
- predictability;
- anchorage;
- cooperation;
- periodontal conditions;
- occlusion;
- need for auxiliaries.
Understanding the strengths and limitations of aligners helps determine when they are an appropriate choice and when another appliance may provide more favourable biomechanics.
Chapter 2 itself explicitly states that understanding the similarities and differences between fixed systems and aligners helps clinicians select the best appliance for the specific malocclusion.
Digital Workflow and Treatment Monitoring
Treatment with clear aligners does not end when ClinCheck is approved.
The book devotes a chapter to:
- digital workflow;
- monitoring;
- treatment progression.
The clinician must periodically verify that:
- the aligners fit correctly;
- teeth are following the programmed positions;
- attachments remain present and functional;
- tracking is not being lost;
- occlusion is developing as planned;
- patient compliance is adequate.
Planning is proactive, but clinical monitoring remains essential.
The software describes what should happen.
Monitoring verifies what is actually happening.
Troubleshooting: When Teeth Do Not Follow the Plan
A specific chapter is devoted to troubleshooting, finishing, and retention.
Aligner treatment may produce discrepancies between:
- the programmed position;
- the clinically achieved position.
The clinician must therefore be able to recognise:
- loss of tracking;
- insufficient movement;
- attachment problems;
- premature contacts;
- residual spaces;
- insufficient torque;
- incomplete rotations;
- occlusal discrepancies.
Managing the problem requires first understanding its biomechanical origin.
Not every difficulty can be solved simply by producing more aligners.
Orthodontic Finishing
Aesthetic alignment represents only one part of the final result.
Finishing must assess:
- overbite;
- overjet;
- torque;
- root inclination;
- posterior contacts;
- midlines;
- Class relationships;
- arch coordination;
- incisor position;
- stability.
This is particularly important because a visually well-aligned smile may conceal suboptimal root or occlusal relationships.
Finishing should therefore be guided by the same orthodontic principles used during initial planning.
Retention After Clear Aligner Treatment
Even perfectly executed treatment requires a retention phase.
The book places retention together with troubleshooting and finishing, underlining the continuity between the end of active treatment and maintenance of the result.
The retention strategy must take into account:
- initial malocclusion;
- movements achieved;
- stability;
- periodontal conditions;
- risk of relapse;
- patient compliance.
The aligner is therefore only the instrument used during the active phase.
Stability must be incorporated into the overall orthodontic pathway.
Treatment of Class II Malocclusions
The volume devotes an entire chapter to Class II treatment with aligners.
These cases may require:
- distalisation;
- anchorage management;
- elastics;
- incisor control;
- overjet correction;
- sequential staging.
The biomechanical chapter shows an example of sequential distalisation of the maxillary molars, in which only selected teeth move initially while the rest of the arch provides anchorage.
This sequence is a concrete example of how digital programming can be used to create specific biomechanics.
Treatment of Class III Malocclusions
Class III malocclusions are also addressed in a dedicated chapter.
As with Class II cases, diagnosis must distinguish between:
- dental;
- skeletal;
- functional components.
Aligner treatment may be incorporated into different strategies depending on the case.
For more complex patients, the volume extends the pathway to orthognathic surgery and interdisciplinary treatment.
The objective is therefore not to present aligners as a universal solution, but as a tool to be integrated within proper orthodontic diagnosis.
Extraction Cases with Aligners
The book devotes two specific chapters to extraction treatment:
- lower incisor extraction;
- premolar extraction.
These cases require particular attention to:
- anchorage control;
- space closure;
- torque;
- root inclination;
- parallelism;
- final occlusion.
Chapter 2 shows a sequence for closure of a first premolar extraction space in which the anchorage segments change progressively.
The same chapter also emphasises the possible need for virtual gable bends and root control during space closure.
These examples demonstrate why extraction cases require especially careful biomechanical planning.
Invisalign: Technology and Orthodontic Principles
Invisalign is one of the tags associated with the book.
The system inevitably plays an important role because ClinCheck and many of the biomechanical features described in the volume belong to the Invisalign workflow.
The book, however, does not merely explain the functions of one platform.
Its true objective is to teach transferable principles:
- force management;
- anchorage;
- staging;
- torque;
- intrusion;
- extrusion;
- root control;
- occlusion.
This makes the approach particularly relevant in a field where software and materials continue to evolve.
Orthognathic Surgery and Aligners
The book’s pathway extends as far as orthognathic surgery.
This demonstrates that clear aligners are not discussed only in relation to simple alignment cases.
In patients with significant skeletal discrepancies, orthodontic treatment can be incorporated into a more complex surgical pathway.
The clinician must therefore understand:
- presurgical objectives;
- incisor position;
- arch coordination;
- decompensation;
- digital planning;
- postsurgical finishing.
The choice of appliance must always be subordinate to the overall therapeutic plan.
Interdisciplinary Treatment
The final chapter is devoted to interdisciplinary treatment.
Clear aligner orthodontics can be integrated with:
- restorative dentistry;
- prosthodontics;
- implant dentistry;
- periodontology;
- surgery;
- aesthetic dentistry.
In these cases, orthodontic movement does not necessarily represent the final objective.
It may be used to:
- create space;
- correct tooth axes;
- improve gingival relationships;
- prepare an implant site;
- facilitate subsequent rehabilitation;
- make restorative treatment more conservative.
This broadens the concept of modern orthodontics, turning digital treatment planning into a tool that can be shared with other dental disciplines.
A Highly Visual Clinical Manual
With 1,344 images across 312 pages, Clear Aligners makes extensive use of visual material to explain biomechanical concepts that could be difficult to understand through text alone.
The extract from Chapter 2 includes:
- force diagrams;
- comparisons between fixed appliances and aligners;
- clinical photographs;
- anchorage diagrams;
- software staging;
- intrusion simulations;
- Power Ridge images;
- root-control attachments.
The comparative tables make the biomechanical differences particularly easy to understand.
The format therefore makes the volume useful both for study and as a clinical planning reference.
Who Is Sandra Tai’s Clear Aligners Intended For?
Clear Aligners – Biomechanics and Clinical Management is intended for:
- orthodontists;
- dentists using Invisalign;
- clinicians using clear aligner systems;
- professionals interested in digital orthodontics;
- young orthodontists;
- postgraduate students;
- orthodontic residents;
- clinicians wishing to deepen their knowledge of aligner biomechanics;
- professionals treating crowding and deep bite;
- dentists involved in interdisciplinary treatment.
The book may be useful both to those approaching aligners for the first time and to experienced clinicians who wish to make their digital planning more rational and biomechanically informed.
Why Read Clear Aligners?
Clear Aligners – Biomechanics and Clinical Management is not merely a manual on how to use software.
It integrates:
- orthodontics;
- Invisalign;
- dental crowding;
- deep bite;
- modern orthodontics;
- aligners;
- biomechanics;
- anchorage;
- attachments;
- ClinCheck;
- torque;
- intrusion;
- extrusion;
- root control;
- staging;
- occlusion;
- Class II and Class III treatment;
- extraction cases;
- orthognathic surgery;
- interdisciplinary treatment.
Its main value lies in connecting digital technology with established orthodontic principles.
Software can display where the teeth will virtually end up, but it is the clinician who must determine whether the movement is biomechanically correct, clinically predictable, and compatible with a sound occlusion.
For readers seeking a book on clear aligners by Sandra Tai, devoted to biomechanics, Invisalign, dental crowding, deep bite, and clinical management, the volume offers a comprehensive pathway from diagnosis to treatment finishing.
Frequently Asked Questions About Sandra Tai’s Clear Aligners
1. What is the book Clear Aligners about?
The book covers the diagnosis, planning, and clinical management of orthodontic treatment with aligners, integrating biomechanics, ClinCheck, anchorage, occlusion, and treatment of the main malocclusions.
2. Does the book discuss Invisalign?
Yes. Invisalign is one of the main tags associated with the volume, and the text discusses ClinCheck, optimised attachments, Power Ridge, and other elements related to the system’s digital workflow.
3. Do aligners move teeth in the same way as fixed appliances?
No. The book highlights a fundamental biomechanical difference: fixed appliances can “pull” teeth through archwires and brackets, while aligners predominantly generate pushing forces through deformation of the plastic.
4. What role do attachments play?
Attachments increase engagement and can create surfaces against which the aligner applies force. They may assist with extrusion, rotations, torque, and root control.
5. Does the book cover dental crowding?
Yes. An entire chapter is devoted to resolving dental crowding, one of the main keywords associated with the volume.
6. Does the volume discuss deep bite?
Yes. Deep bite treatment is covered in a dedicated chapter. The extract also shows programmed anterior intrusion used to level the curve of Spee.
7. Does the book also cover open bite?
Yes. A chapter is devoted to anterior open bite, and the biomechanical chapter shows an example of programmed maxillary incisor extrusion with optimised attachments.
8. What is staging in clear aligner treatment?
Staging determines when and in what sequence different teeth should move. It allows certain teeth to function as anchorage while others are activated.
9. Does ClinCheck replace the orthodontist’s treatment planning?
No. The software allows movements to be visualised and programmed, but the clinician must assess biomechanics, staging, anchorage, torque, and occlusion.
10. Does the book cover extraction cases?
Yes. There are chapters devoted to lower incisor extraction and premolar extraction.
11. Can aligners control root inclination?
The book describes the use of optimised attachments, vertical attachments, and virtual gable bends to improve root control.
12. Does the volume cover Class II and Class III malocclusions?
Yes. Both are addressed in dedicated chapters.
13. Is orthognathic surgery also discussed?
Yes. One chapter is devoted to integrating clear aligners into treatment associated with orthognathic surgery.
14. Why purchase Clear Aligners?
Because it does not simply teach how to use software, but connects aligner treatment with fundamental principles of biomechanics, anchorage, occlusion, and three-dimensional tooth-movement control.
Chapters and Topics
1. A Brief History of Orthodontic Appliances
- evolution of orthodontic appliances;
- development of orthodontics;
- transition to digital systems;
- clear aligners.
2. Comparison Between Edgewise Appliances and Clear Aligners
- force;
- engagement;
- anchorage;
- extrusion;
- intrusion;
- torque;
- root inclination;
- incisor inclination;
- vertical control;
- midline;
- tooth-size discrepancies.
3. Case Selection for Clear Aligner Treatment
- diagnosis;
- indications;
- limitations;
- complexity;
- appliance selection.
4. ClinCheck Software Programming
- digital planning;
- final position;
- staging;
- attachments;
- biomechanics;
- occlusion.
5. Digital Workflow and Treatment Monitoring
- workflow;
- clinical control;
- tracking;
- progression;
- monitoring.
6. Troubleshooting, Finishing, and Retention
- troubleshooting;
- loss of tracking;
- refinement;
- finishing;
- stability;
- retention.
7. Resolving Dental Crowding
- space management;
- expansion;
- IPR;
- incisor inclination;
- distalisation;
- extraction strategies.
8. Deep Bite Treatment
- vertical control;
- anterior intrusion;
- curve of Spee;
- overbite;
- incisor torque.
9. Anterior Open Bite Treatment
- extrusion;
- posterior intrusion;
- vertical control;
- occlusion.
10. Class II Treatment
- distalisation;
- anchorage;
- staging;
- elastics;
- overjet.
11. Class III Treatment
- diagnosis;
- dental compensation;
- incisor control;
- planning.
12. Treatment with Lower Incisor Extraction
- space management;
- torque;
- root inclination;
- occlusion.
13. Treatment with Premolar Extractions
- anchorage;
- space closure;
- retraction;
- torque;
- root control.
14. Orthognathic Surgery
- orthodontic preparation;
- planning;
- arch coordination;
- finishing.
15. Interdisciplinary Treatment
- orthodontics;
- periodontology;
- prosthodontics;
- implant dentistry;
- restorative dentistry.
